{"id":1346,"date":"2016-02-15T14:49:52","date_gmt":"2016-02-15T12:49:52","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/wi.ee\/en\/?page_id=1346"},"modified":"2016-02-15T14:54:23","modified_gmt":"2016-02-15T12:54:23","slug":"voro-language","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/wi.ee\/en\/voro-language\/","title":{"rendered":"V\u00f5ro Language"},"content":{"rendered":"\n\n\n
V\u00f5ro language<\/td>\n<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n

 <\/p>\n\n\n\n
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By Evar Saar<\/h5>\n

Linguistically, the V\u00f5ro language is the central part of the South Estonian language. It has often been called the Ugandi language because the language was spread over the territory of old county of Ugandi up to 1220s (and further). South Estonian was one of seven Balto-Finnic ancient dialects (Western Finnic, North Estonian, South Estonian, Livonian, Votian\/Votic, Old Karelian, Old Vepsian) and is for comparative linguistics one of ten contemporary Balto-Finnic languages. Those ten include Finnish, Estonian, South Estonian, Livonian, Votian\/Votic, Izhorian, White Sea Karelian (North Karelian), Olonets Karelian Ludian, and Vepsian. According to sociolinguistic criteria there are even more Balto-Finnic languages (e.g. Tornedalian Finnish, Kven), but the distinction of those ten is reasonable in terms of lingua-historical developments.<\/p>\n

The V\u00f5ro language has all the typical characteristics of South Estonian and all the features distinguishing it from other Balto-Finnic languages. The same may be said about the Seto language, which has been traditionally looked at as a part of V\u00f5ro dialect. The situation of the Tartu and Mulgi (language) area on the border of North Estonian has been determined by the greater proximity of these variants to North Estonian. Nevertheless, the South Estonian language historically serves as a basis for both the Tartu and Mulgi dialects.<\/p>\n

If two hundred years ago the South Estonian language was represented in its written form by the Tartu dialect and its popular name was the Tartu language (\u2018tarto kiil\u2019), then today the gravity of action for their own language has carried to V\u00f5romaa. Metaphorically, in the 11th hour the V\u00f5ro people have come to see that the local language\/dialect has value and the undergoing language shift should somehow be reversed. Contemporary South Estonian is for its users primarily an emotionally close language of the home and local landscape, which cannot be forced upon other South Estonians. In general, it makes sense to talk separately about the Mulgi language, the Tartu language, the V\u00f5ro language and the Seto language, to determine the language of the text with one of those four words, even the difference between two neighboring languages\/codes may be insignificant. The need to use\/speak, develop and teach one\u2019s native place tongue has to originate from within the in-group and to the emancipation of the Mulgi and Tartu languages should not set any obstacles.<\/p>\n

The unique features of the V\u00f5ro language<\/p>\n

What are those linguistic traits, which make the variety spoken in historic V\u00f5romaa a separate language, no matter how it is considered by language policy? We list below the differences that have been present in the entire old area of South Estonian and those which do not exist in North Estonian dialects. Some features characteristic to the V\u00f5ro language are unique even in the whole Balto-Finnic language area.<\/p>\n

On the primary level of the language \u2013 the phonetic (sound) level \u2013 the V\u00f5ro language has sounds, which do not exist in North Estonian: the affricate, which may be either a strong (e.g. tsiga, leib\u00e4 k\u00fcts\u00e4q) or weak stop (e.g. k\u00f6\u00fcds, t\u00e4 k\u00fcds\u00e4), the glottal stop, in the V\u00f5ro standard q, like in the word of m\u00f5t\u00f5q, and the raising \u00f5-sound, marked as y in the V\u00f5ro standard, like in the word sys \u2018then\u2019.<\/p>\n

In South Estonian, there have been sound changes that locate according to the sequence of phonetic laws to the earliest period and by which South Estonian differs from all other Balto-Finnic languages: *koktu > k\u00f5tt: k\u00f5tu, cf. Estonian k\u00f5ht: k\u00f5hu and Finnish kohtu. The similar is \u2018foam\u2019 vatt (Nom), \u2018the second\u2019 (Gen) katt\u00f5 and \u2018the second\u2019 (Part) kat\u00f5 (). Another ancient change is \u2018one\u2019 \u00fcts (Nom): \u00fcte (Gen) against the rest of Balto Finnic \u00fcks (Nom): \u00fche (Gen). Only South Estonian and Livonian have instead of a dipthong ei-> ai: hain (\u2018grass\u2019), saisma (\u2018to stand\u2019). On the basis of those and other old changes, the researchers of historical phonetics have constructed genealogical trees, where a distant ancestor of South Estonian splits from the rest of Balto-Finnic varieties at least two thousand years ago.<\/p>\n

There are numerous newer regular sound changes in both North and South Estonian, whereas in the core of South Estonian, in the V\u00f5ro language, many changes of analogy, which have occurred in North Estonian, did not happen. The i-plural and i-past and the preservation of common Balto-Finnic word-stock create the impression that the V\u00f5ro language is closer to Finnish than North Estonian. Every sentence in V\u00f5ro has words, which reveal the language\u2019s vocal harmony \u2013 a phenomenon lost in North Estonian. Actually, the similarity of V\u00f5ro and Finnish linguistic phenomena is determined by the relative conservatism of those languages, compared to North Estonian, which has changed faster. However, the vocal harmony of V\u00f5ro differs from Finnish: \u00f6 does not occur in successive syllables (n\u00e4go \u2018face\u2019, k\u00e4ro \u2018barrow\u2019), the front vowel e determines successive ones (kell\u00e4 Gen \u2018clock\u2019, seg\u00e4m\u00e4 \u2018to mix\u2019, \u2018to disturb\u2019) and the successive vowels of the word with a back vowel have turned \u00f5-like (pan\u00f5 \u2018put\u2019), h\u00f5b\u00f5h\u00f5n\u00f5 \u2019silver\u2019).<\/p>\n

If one moves to the next level of the language, to morphology, then the use of verbs in the V\u00f5ro language is especially unique.<\/p>\n

In the old South Estonian, verbs are divided into two major conjugation classes, the first, where the Present of Third Person Singular is without ending: saa (\u2018is getting\u2019), s\u00fc\u00fc (\u2018is eating\u2019), tege (\u2018is doing\u2019), tul\u00f5 (\u2018is coming\u2019) \u2013 as is common in Balto-Finnic languages \u2013 and the second there is an exceptional ending of s: jutustas (\u2018is telling\u2019), viris\u00e4s (\u2018is crumbling\u2019). The same continues also in Third Person Plural: jutustas\u00f5q, viris\u00e4seq. The infinitive of all verbs with three or more syllables ends in s, but this also includes j\u00e4\u00e4s (\u2018is staying\u2019), el\u00e4s (\u2018is living\u2019), kasus (\u2018is growing\u2019), istus (\u2018is sitting\u2019) and other verbs with two syllables. Different verbs came to bear the ending s in the Present for different reasons, but the beginning of this phenomenon is probably hidden in the idea that the suffix *ksen, similar to the third person personal pronoun of *sen, was added to verbs, which signified the subject-centered action (i.e. that kind of action, where the subject is entirely invloved, takes place with him\/her or which is important to him\/her). The South Estonian personal ending s has been compared to and identified with the initial category of mediality existing in many world languages (incl. Latin). The reflexive facet of this category is undertandable for today\u2019s V\u00f5ro-speaker: murd \u2018((s)he is) breaking smth\u2019, murrus \u2019it is breaking\u2019, k\u00fcds\u00e4 \u2019((s)he is) baking\u2019, k\u00fcds\u00e4s \u2019(the cake) is baking\u2019. In a few cases, there are parallel options \u2013 with s and without an ending (e.g. makas and maka, opis and opp) \u2013 however there is no special meaning or speakers have lost their ability to perceive it. Anyway, it concerns a rather old, complex phenomenon, which in the circle of cognate languages can be studied only through South Estonian.<\/p>\n

The South Estonian verb paradigm resembles Finnish in its archaity, but there are large, principal differences. The conjugating negation verb is absent in V\u00f5ro (cf. Finnish en, et, ei), but there is the Present negation word ei and Past negation word es. If in Northern Balto-Finnic languages and even in the Saami language the difference between negation in the Present and in Imperfect is the contrast between the verbal stem without ending and past participle (Estonian: ei tee: ei teinud), then in V\u00f5ro the verb stem remains the same in both forms: ei tiiq: es tiiq. Thus, a typical error of someone learning Voru is ma es *tenn\u00fc impressing instead negation in conditional mood.<\/p>\n

The different case endings from other Balto-Finnic languages are the most striking (examples) in the morphology of nominals. Especially interesting and various is the morphology of the Illative. The ending \u2013he of Illative, which exists only in V\u00f5ro and Seto, and \u2013de, which is common to the V\u00f5ro and the Tartu language, correspond to the Estonian ending of \u2013sse. The ending \u2013le of Allative is a local innovation marking the Illative. Thus, the observation, that people en route from V\u00f5ro to Tartu will buy their bus tickets to P\u00f5lvahe, P\u00f5lval\u00f5 and P\u00f5lvad\u00f5, corresponding to their point of origin, holds true. The Inessive ending in V\u00f5ro is either -h or -n. The ancient case ending of *-sna has turned into -ssa or -s in other Balto-Finnic languages, only in South Estonian and in a few (single) Finnish dialects has it first changed to *-hna and then to -hn, -h or \u2013n exceptional to South Estonian: m\u00f5tsahn ~ m\u00f5tsah ~ m\u00f5tsan.<\/p>\n

The other unique case endings are the \u2013s, sporadically \u2013st, of Translative, like in the expression v\u00f5tt\u00b4 naas\u00f5s ~ v\u00f5tt\u00b4 naas\u00f5st \u2018took a wife (married), and the endings with a glottal stop in the Terminative, Abessive, and Comitative, like huun\u00f5niq, huun\u00f5ldaq, huun\u00f5gaq \u2018building\u2019. In the V\u00f5ro language, the nominative plural is not marked with a \u2013d, but instead a glottal stop \u2013 kala : kalaq, illos : ilosaq. In the genitive plural and the cases, which have been made up by this model, (in the V\u00f5ro language) de-chracteristic is used to add to the independent plural stem (often made up by i-characteristic), but not to the stem in the singular like in North Estonian: naisi, kallo, ilosid\u00f5.<\/p>\n

The V\u00f5ro language differs a lot from the north Estonian in its vocabulary. One encounters suprising differences in the most basic vocabulary. Newer cultural vocabulary is common and when \u201cloans\u201d are taken from the common Estonian language significant limitations do not occur in spoken language. In a comparison of the three, V\u00f5ro, North Estonian and Finnish, it becomes clear that only a part of the vocabulary is common in V\u00f5ro and Finnish, e.g. kooldaq (\u2018to die\u2019), sysar (\u2018sister\u2019), l\u00e4mmi (\u2018warm\u2019), k\u00f5iv (\u2018birch\u2019). There are a similar number of South Estonian words, which differ completely from both North Estonian and Finnish, e.g. m\u00f5skma (\u2018to wash\u2019), kaema (\u2018to watch\u2019), kesv (\u2018barley\u2019), hahk (\u2018grey\u2019). There is no exact parallel to the distribution of meaning of demonstrative pronomens seo, taa and tuu in any of other Balto Finnic languages.<\/p>\n

It is not possible to demonstrate big differences between V\u00f5ro and North Estonian on the syntax level. The differences are concentrated on the level of government: vanaim\u00e4 mur\u00f5htas vas\u00b4kat \u2013 *vanaema muretseb vasikat \u2018the grandmother is worrying because of the calf\u2019, k\u00e4ve seeneh ja mar\u00b4ah \u2013 *k\u00e4isin seenes ja marjas \u2018I went to pick mushrooms and berries, ma pak\u00f5 sinno \u2013 *ma p\u00f5genen sind \u2018I am running away from you\u2019. One of the most well known differences is that the negation word comes after the verb in V\u00f5ro: ol\u00f5 eiq \u2018do not, \u00fctle es \u2018did not say\u2019.<\/p>\n

The V\u00f5ro language area<\/p>\n

The South Estonian language area, with few exceptions, is clearly defined: the border of the North and South Estonian traditional dialects proceeds from M\u00f5isak\u00fcla to the closest surroundings of Viljandi, from there to the northern point of V\u00f5rtsj\u00e4rv and further on to the north of Tartu to the mouth of Emaj\u00f5gi. This was the situation in the beginning of 20th century. Today South Estonian has receeded the northern part of its historic territory, so that Tartu and Mulgi speakers in this area do not form a speech community in the usual sense.<\/p>\n

Historically, the V\u00f5ro dialect area of South Estonian was limited using a rather simple method: it was agreed to include in the V\u00f5ro dialect all the subdialects which were spoken in historical V\u00f5romaa, Petserimaa and linguistic enclaves, and in the Tartu dialect all South Estonian dialects spoken in historical Tartumaa and Luke parish of Valgamaa. When dialectology has reached to its generalizations, it became clear that the distinction based on previous work and probably on the self-identification of South Estonians in the beginning of 20th century has justified itself well: a rather large part of isoglosses in the South Estonian language have concentrated next to the border of V\u00f5romaa and Tartumaa. At the same time, however, there are few differences, for example, between the R\u00e4pina subdialect (V\u00f5ro) and V\u00f5nnu subdialect (Tartu), thus the border of old V\u00f5romaa has been not a very important language border. The administrative borders that have changed several times throughout modern history have influenced language attitudes and the language itself. For example, the South Estonian language environment has been preserved everywhere in P\u00f5lvamaa, be it historical V\u00f5romaa or Tartumaa.<\/p>\n

Instead of drawing distinct borders, it should be concluded that the V\u00f5ro language is, by large, spoken in an area the same size as historical V\u00f5romaa, whereas some areas of Tartumaa have been turned into the V\u00f5ro-speaking and some areas in V\u00f5romaa (towns and bigger settlements) have changed to mostly Estonian-speaking. Known linguistic enclaves in Latvia and Pskov area have disappeared, but V\u00f5ro-Latvian bilinguals can be found to some extent close to the Estonian-Latvian border in Korneti, Hopa and Al\u016bksne. There are a number of V\u00f5ro-speakers in the bigger Estonian cities of Tallinn and Tartu. The most ancient V\u00f5ro speech can be found in Siberia in the villages of immigrant V\u00f5ro people.<\/p>\n

The eastern border of the V\u00f5ro language parallels the border of the old western and Eastern Church, the border of Livonia and Pskov guberniya. The South Estonians originating from the eastern side are known as the Seto people and they name their own language definitely as the Seto, not the V\u00f5ro language.<\/p>\n

Due to the clearly distinct identity of V\u00f5ro and Seto people, the members of those ethnic groups notice the minutest differences in neighbors\u2019 speech. This trend applies especially to the V\u00f5ro people. Although the main structure of eastern dialect of the V\u00f5ro language and the Seto language spoken in the first half of 20th century has been similar, one can observe a now well-established renewal of the language on the basis of identity: the Setos preserve and stress linguistic units perceived as Seto-like, the V\u00f5ro people from eastern part ignore those and adjust their language to western V\u00f5ro speech (e.g. the ending of Elative case -n instead of earlier \u2013h, the spread of strong grade in the types of kerik (Nom) : kerigu (Gen.) and kants (Nom) : kands (En)). According to the popular view, it is possible to perceive a difference between the V\u00f5ro and Seto languages on the basis of pronunciation, but that statement may hold true only in some phrases when the basis of articulation has shifted. The speech of the V\u00f5ro people on old records has a more recognizable rearward articulation than middle-aged Setos today \u2013 in the environment of Estonian standard language, the basis of articulation is necessarily shifting towards \u201cEstonian average\u201d.<\/p>\n

V\u00f5ro speakers<\/p>\n

Among today\u2019s Balto-Finnic languages, the V\u00f5ro language has a medium number of speakers: according to different estimations, between 50,000 to 70, 000 people speak the language. The figure 70,000 is calculated on the basis of a South-eastern Estonian inquiry conducted by the V\u00f5ro Institute (1998) and the share of respondents, who claimed using the V\u00f5ro language either on everyday basis or in some established situations. The share of people living near the old borders of V\u00f5romaa has been added to an estimated number of V\u00f5ro-speakers in bigger Estonian towns. In some way or other, the number of 70,000 is the most optimistic estimation of V\u00f5ro-speakers. Having in mind that people tend to overestimate their language command, the realistic number of V\u00f5ro-speakers in 1998 might have been 50,000.<\/p>\n

In spite of this rather big number of speakers, the V\u00f5ro language is also an endangered language because almost all V\u00f5ro-people are bilinguals and the bulk of them try to speak Estonian to their children. This means a decline in the number of speakers of V\u00f5ro as a mother tongue with every leaving generation by a factor of ten.<\/p>\n

The learning of a language in this situation, where the will of transmission of the language is weak, but the language is a majority language for older generations, differs in some respects from other situations. Usually parents speak Estonian when communicating with children, but use the V\u00f5ro language between adults; in this situation, a child develops early a passive command of V\u00f5ro. In school, the child does not use Voru in communicating with peers, but when starting her\/his working career, one frequently finds her\/himself in a V\u00f5ro-speaking environment. In a situation like this, s\/he often turns her\/his passive knowledge into an active one, with skills that gradually gain steadiness with years. In many work environments, the use of V\u00f5ro is a rule not an exception. This phenomenon has differently influenced the acquirement of the language by gender: teenage boys are more interested in the world of adult men than the school and life expectations, accordingly the \u201cadult men\u2019s code\u201d has a considerable prestige among boys. For girls the after school perspective has been traditionally either continuation of education or creating a family, and in both alternatives do not have considerable place for the V\u00f5ro language. In such families, Estonian becomes the means of communication and children\u2019s possibilities to hear the V\u00f5ro language will become even more occasional.<\/p>\n

The current information society excalerates the language shift of the V\u00f5ro people, because mass media occupies with Estonian and English even this part of the day, which earlier remained untouched from societal pressure. On the other hand, the ability of the V\u00f5ro people to notice and value their own language has grown thanks to the information society. Toady there are families who have consciously chosen the V\u00f5ro language as their home language, avoiding the road of being monolingual Estonian-speakers. Thanks to the fact that using contemporary V\u00f5ro language does not create any barrier of understanding in the Estonian society, it can be used as an expression and distinguishing mark of local uniqueness. In continuation of contemporary developments, the V\u00f5ro language may become a Kulturdialekt, which is used on the stage (theatre), and literature, anniversary speeches and advertisements, with the bulk of its users consisting of those who consider common Estonian as their mother tongue.<\/p>\n

The conscious learning of the V\u00f5ro language at an adult age will become a significant possibility to acquire it and interactive media will become the significant arena of communication. The natural transmission of the V\u00f5ro language from parents to children occurs only in those families who have consciously made that choice. The growth of prestige in the public use of the language should enforce that choice in any case.<\/p>\n

The status and domains of the V\u00f5ro language<\/p>\n

The V\u00f5ro language does not have any official status at the moment. The V\u00f5ro people, who are, as a rule, V\u00f5ro-Estonian bilinguals, do not consider themselves a minority, but primarily as ethnic Estonians, belonging to the majority. At the local level, they consider themselves the V\u00f5ro people and recognise the V\u00f5ro language as the main bearer of the V\u00f5ro identity. However, a feeling of belonging to a linguistic minority does not emerge on this basis as well today \u2013 the V\u00f5ro language is used in its living environment and because of its proximity to Estonian the consistent use of it or \u2013 on the contrary \u2013 its incomprehension does not create any communication problems.<\/p>\n

Thus, the claim for an official status of minority language is not congruent with the identification of this variety. The V\u00f5ro language has had the socio-cultutural (not legal) status of dialect for a long time and the V\u00f5ro people together with other South Estonians have had a significant role in building the Estonian state, in its cultural, economic and social development. For the better recognition of today\u2019s, developing V\u00f5ro language, which has gained sympathizers across Estonia, it is reasonable to give up the old myth of dialect, saturated with contradictions and to make use of the notion of a regional language. Many languages, which have their own history as literary languages, have users who are characterized by bilingualism and multiple identities, and are similar to state languages are included among regional languages in Europe (e.g. Kashubian in Poland and Low German in Germany). In Estonian society, the discussion of it has yet to be robust, therefore, giving politicians the chance to ignore it.<\/p>\n

Missing legal protection\/law acts have not set obstacles in the establishment of R&D activities on the state level. Instead of primary education in South Estonian (the Tartu language), which stopped in 1890s, the formal education is now conducted in Estonian. However the school is not any more the organization, which is cultivating inflexible switching into North Estonian-like, but the V\u00f5ro language in the status of dialect has its on position here. Under the guidance of enthusiasts-teachers there are optional and hobby classes of the V\u00f5ro language, it is used in the instruction of local cultural history in 26 schools of old V\u00f5romaa.<\/p>\n

It is possible to study the V\u00f5ro language in the University of Tartu for two semesters; there have been courses for adult learners in V\u00f5ro Institute, too.<\/p>\n

The state supports the publication of the V\u00f5ro-language newspaper, \u201cUma Leht (\u2018Our own paper\u2019), which, according to media research done by Saar Poll, is read by over 30,000 people. There are radio and TV programs in V\u00f5ro on a project basis, which targets not only local Voru speakers but other Estonians and V\u00f5ro people living outside V\u00f5romaa. There are computer programs and games on the internet, and it is common to find internet comments made using the V\u00f5ro language.<\/p>\n

On average, the five books of fiction (belles lettres) are published annually. Remarkable is the role of young authors in the newer production of the V\u00f5ro literature and the phenomenon that the V\u00f5ro people have always played an important part in shaping Estonian literature, writing in Estonian in the beginning of 20th century, but lately more and more in V\u00f5ro.<\/p>\n

The publishing of the V\u00f5ro-Estonian dictionary in 2002 has been the most important event in the corpus planning of the V\u00f5ro language. There is ongoing work on compiling the Estonian-V\u00f5ro dictionary, which role in enforcing the written usage of the language could be times bigger. The entire\/thorough descriptive grammar is not yet published.<\/p>\n

The important role of South Estonian in the Lutheran church, which was one of the last protectors and users of the Tartu language, has not been restored\/re-established. The potential of the V\u00f5ro language in geriatrics has also yet to be recognized \u2013 the communication with the seniors in hospitals and elderly homes in their mother tongue may definitely improve their life quality. At the same time, the pop culture in V\u00f5ro in the form of music and poetry is successful and has popularity across Estonia. Both the V\u00f5ro and Seto people have the equal role in the stererotypes which play with uniqueness and anciency and in the domain of self-myths the whole Estonian anti-globalising wing gets support from the V\u00f5ro language.<\/td>\n<\/tr>\n<\/tbody>\n<\/table>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"

V\u00f5ro language   By Evar Saar Linguistically, the V\u00f5ro language is the central part of the South Estonian language. It has often been called the Ugandi language because the language was spread over the territory of old county of Ugandi up to 1220s (and further). South Estonian was one of seven Balto-Finnic ancient dialects (Western […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":2,"featured_media":0,"parent":0,"menu_order":0,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-1346","page","type-page","status-publish","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"\nV\u00f5ro Language - V\u00f5ru Instituut<\/title>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, max-video-preview:-1\" \/>\n<link rel=\"canonical\" href=\"https:\/\/wi.ee\/en\/voro-language\/\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:locale\" content=\"en_US\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:type\" content=\"article\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:title\" content=\"V\u00f5ro Language - V\u00f5ru Instituut\" \/>\n<meta property=\"og:description\" content=\"V\u00f5ro language   By Evar Saar Linguistically, the V\u00f5ro language is the central part of the South Estonian language. 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